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index 0000000..fda3ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/NDSR_Paper.bbl @@ -0,0 +1,209 @@ +\begin{thebibliography}{10} + +\bibitem{1} +{National Digital Stewardship Alliance}. +\newblock {National} {Agenda} for {Digital} {Stewardship}. +\newblock September 2015. + +\bibitem{2} +{Council on Library and Information Resources}. +\newblock {CLIR} {Receives} {IMLS} {Grant} to {Assess} {National} {Digital} + {Stewardship} {Residency} {Programs}. +\newblock + \url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160313223145/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/2015NationalAgenda.pdf}, + September 2015. + +\bibitem{3} +{Library of Congress}. +\newblock National {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency}. +\newblock + \url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160404223713/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsr/}, + {n.d.} + +\bibitem{4} +{American Library Association}. +\newblock {ALA}'s {Core} {Competences} of {Librarianship}. +\newblock + 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Tibbo. +\newblock Presidential {Address}: {On} the occasion of {SAA}'s diamond jubilee: + {A} professional coming of age in the digital era. +\newblock {\em American Archivist}, 75:17--34, 2012. + +\bibitem{18} +{Society of American Archivists}. +\newblock {DAS} {Curriculum} {Structure}. +\newblock + \url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150828210835/http://www2.archivists.org/prof-education/das/curriculum-structure}, + August 2015. + +\bibitem{19} +J.~Kim, E.~Warga, and W.~Moen. +\newblock Digital curation in the academic library job market. +\newblock {\em Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and + Technology}, 49(1):1--4, 2012. + +\bibitem{20} +P.~Chan. +\newblock What {Does} it {Take} to {Be} a {Well}-rounded {Digital} {Archivist}? + {\textbar} {The} {Signal}: {Digital} {Preservation}. +\newblock + \url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160301155958/http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2014/10/what-does-it-take-to-be-a-well-rounded-digital-archivist/}, + October 2014. + +\bibitem{21} +J.~Dooley. +\newblock What's in a digital archivist's skill set? +\newblock + \url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150925105555/http://hangingtogether.org/?p=3912}, + June 2014. + +\bibitem{22} +G.A. 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Orton. +\newblock From inductive to iterative grounded theory: {Zipping} the gap + between process theory and process data. +\newblock {\em Scandinavian Journal of Management}, 13(4):413--438, 1997. + +\bibitem{31} +M.~Denscombe. +\newblock {\em The good research guide: for small-scale social research + projects}. +\newblock Open University Press, Maidenhead, 5. ed edition, 2014. + +\bibitem{32} +M.~R. Sirkin. +\newblock {\em Statistics for the social sciences}. +\newblock Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif, 3rd ed edition, 2006. + +\bibitem{33} +F.~J. Fowler. +\newblock {\em Survey research methods}. +\newblock Applied social research methods series. SAGE, Los Angeles, fifth + edition edition, 2014. + +\end{thebibliography} diff --git a/NDSR_Paper.blg b/NDSR_Paper.blg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea33a15 --- /dev/null +++ b/NDSR_Paper.blg @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2013/Debian) +Capacity: max_strings=35307, hash_size=35307, hash_prime=30011 +The top-level auxiliary file: NDSR_Paper.aux +The style file: unsrt.bst +Database file #1: biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "5" isn't style-file defined +--line 41 of file biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "23" isn't style-file defined +--line 235 of file biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "24" isn't style-file defined +--line 244 of file biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "25" isn't style-file defined +--line 251 of file biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "26" isn't style-file defined +--line 258 of file biblio.bib +Warning--entry type for "27" isn't style-file defined +--line 265 of file biblio.bib +Warning--empty journal in 1 +You've used 33 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VERSION 3.1 +% WORKS WITH V3.2SP OF ACM_PROC_ARTICLE-SP.CLS +% APRIL 2009 +% +% It is an example file showing how to use the 'acm_proc_article-sp.cls' V3.2SP +% LaTeX2e document class file for Conference Proceedings submissions. +% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% This .tex file (and associated .cls V3.2SP) *DOES NOT* produce: +% 1) The Permission Statement +% 2) The Conference (location) Info information +% 3) The Copyright Line with ACM data +% 4) Page numbering +% --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% It is an example which *does* use the .bib file (from which the .bbl file +% is produced). +% REMEMBER HOWEVER: After having produced the .bbl file, +% and prior to final submission, +% you need to 'insert' your .bbl file into your source .tex file so as to provide +% ONE 'self-contained' source file. +% +% Questions regarding SIGS should be sent to +% Adrienne Griscti ---> griscti@acm.org +% +% Questions/suggestions regarding the guidelines, .tex and .cls files, etc. to +% Gerald Murray ---> murray@hq.acm.org +% +% For tracking purposes - this is V3.1SP - APRIL 2009 + +\documentclass{acm_proc_article-sp} +\usepackage{caption} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{cite} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{hyperref} +\begin{document} + +\title{What makes a digital steward:} +\subtitle{A competency profile based on the National Digital Stewardship Residencies} + +\author{ + \begin{tabular}{c} + % 1st. author + Karl-Rainer Blumenthal\\ + \affaddr{Internet Archive}\\ + \email{karlb@archive.org} + \end{tabular}% + \begin{tabular}{c} + % 2nd. author + Peggy Griesinger\\ + \affaddr{George Mason University}\\ + \email{mgriesin@gmu.edu} + \end{tabular} \\[10pt]\\ + \begin{tabular}{c} + % 3rd. author + Julia Kim\\ + \affaddr{Library of Congress}\\ + \email{juliakim@loc.gov} + \end{tabular} + \begin{tabular}{c} + % 4th. author + Shira Peltzman\\ + \affaddr{University of California, Los Angeles}\\ + \email{speltzman@library.ucla.edu} + \end{tabular} + \begin{tabular}{c} + % 5th. author + Vicky Steeves\\ + \affaddr{New York University}\\ + \email{victoria.steeves@nyu.edu} + \end{tabular} +} + +\date{25 April 2016} + + +\maketitle +\begin{abstract} +Digital stewardship is the active and long-term management of digital objects towards their preservation for and unencumbered access by future generations. Although the field is rapidly maturing, it still lacks a comprehensive competency profile for practitioners. This is due in part to the relative youth of the field, and to the fact that being an effective steward of digital materials requires highly specialized training that is best acquired through hands-on work. Given the key role that competency profiles play in the design of curricula and job postings, the lack of one hinders the training and education of professionals for these positions. This paper provides a profile of the skills, responsibilities, and knowledge areas that define competency in digital stewardship, based on a close study of the projects undertaken in the National Digital Stewardship Residency program (NDSR). The authors use a triangulated research methodology in order to define the scope of the profile, qualitatively analyze the competencies articulated among NDSR project descriptions, and quantitatively evaluate those competencies' importance to professional success. The profile that results from this research has implications for current and future digital stewards: training designed with this profile as its basis will focus on the skills most needed to be an effective digital steward, and therefore can guide both graduate and professional development curricula alike. +\end{abstract} + +% A category with the (minimum) three required fields +\category{H.4}{Information Systems}{General} +\category{K.3.2}{Computer and Information Science Education}{Information systems education} + +\keywords{digital stewardship, National Digital Stewardship Residency, NDSR, education, training, digital preservation} % NOT required for Proceedings + +\section{Introduction} +Although digital preservation is a young field, there are now more scholarship, tools, and resources that address the long-term stewardship\footnote{For the purposes of this paper, "digital stewardship" is defined as the active and long-term management of digital objects towards their robust preservation for and unencumbered access by future generations, inclusive of all subfields of labor and expertise previously defined among professional surveys and studies as digital curation, data curation, data management, digital archiving, digital preservation, and digitization. Digital stewards include data librarians, digital asset managers, digital archivists, and all manner of administrators who seek to align disparate digitization and digital preservation efforts.} of digital material than ever before. In recent years there has been a notable expansion of educational and training resources in particular, including workshops, symposia, conferences, and professional development curricula. However, as the 2015 National Agenda for Digital Stewardship asserts, "[g]enuine interest and motivation to learn about a subject cannot be taught in a workshop or training session; similarly, knowledge about standards and practices in an evolving field is best gained through direct, practical experience."\cite{1} In short, being an effective steward of digital material requires more extensive and specialized training than can be acquired through traditional means. + +What, then, makes a digital steward? Despite the acknowledgment that stewards must possess a particular skillset, there has not yet been sufficient scholarship performed to identify a competency profile for digital stewards, as exist in other professional communities. A competency profile succinctly articulates the specific skills, responsibilities, and knowledge areas required to practice in one's profession, and is therefore instrumental to setting training and education goals. Perhaps it is due to the field's relative youth that so many analyses of it have focused principally on the surrounding literature--most commonly surveys of graduate school curricula or job advertisements--rather than on the backgrounds and training of practitioners themselves. But as the amount of digital material entering libraries, archives, and museums worldwide continues to grow, developing successful training goals for the next generation of stewards is an increasingly vital pursuit. + +The lack of any cogent competency profile for this field is significant because competency profiles are used in the creation of job ads and curriculum development, which in turn affects how the field and its practitioners succeed in and improve their profession. In spite of this, the Agenda singles out the National Digital Stewardship Residency (NDSR hereafter) as an especially successful training model due to the fact that it allows recent graduates to gain practical, hands-on experience in the field managing digital stewardship projects. Although measuring the long-term impact of this program on the field at large would be premature\footnote{Although it is not a longitudinal analysis, the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) is at the time of writing conducting a cross-cohort assessment of the entire NDSR program in order to evaluate the significance of the residency experience for the residents and their host institutions, and to identify common success factors across the various residencies.\cite{2}}, the project descriptions created by host institutions for both current and former residents yield valuable information. Both the wide variety of projects and activities covered as well as the fact that they explicitly outline goals and responsibilities for each individual resident and project makes them ideal for determining the skillset and expertise required to successfully perform the professional duties of a digital steward. + +The authors developed a competency profile for digital stewards by using a three-pronged approach: 1) reviewing literature on the topics of emerging digital stewardship roles, responsibilities, expected practices, and training needs; 2) qualitatively analyzing current and completed NDSR project descriptions; and 3) quantitatively analyzing the results from a survey conducted of former and current Residents that identified the range and types of competencies required to successfully complete each project. The result is a profile of the skills, responsibilities, and knowledge areas that define competency in digital stewardship, which will create a clearer understanding of the on-the-job skills required of digital stewardship professionals in the hopes of informing future professional and curricula development in the field. + +\section{About NDSR} +NDSR was created by the Library of Congress, in partnership with the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS), with the mission to "build a dedicated community of professionals who will advance our nation's capabilities in managing, preserving, and making accessible the digital record of human achievement."\cite{3} In its pilot year (2013-2014) NDSR matched ten recent graduates with mentors at ten cultural heritage institutions in order to develop, apply, and advance emerging digital stewardship practices and their own knowledge and skills in real-world settings. Since then, IMLS has granted funding to five additional NDSR programs among cultural heritage organizations throughout the country. + +The program involves competitive selection processes for both host institutions and residents. Host institutions are selected on the basis of criteria such as their ability to provide higher-level support and mentorship to residents, as well as the significance of their proposed projects. These projects can be as broad in scope as institutional assessments and policy writing, or as narrow as documenting the particular application of a software within a larger workflow. Applicants must be U.S. citizens or able to work in the U.S., as well as recent graduates of post-baccalaureate degrees. + +Although residents' salaries are paid through IMLS grant funds, they are regarded as regular employees by their host institutions and measures are taken to ensure that they are incorporated into the fabric of their institutions' workplaces. This is balanced by the fact that the residency is an apprenticeship program in which an important criteria for success is learning outcomes and job placement within the field after its completion. Each NDSR program supplements on-site support with workshops and trainings designed to foster professional growth. Residents are also strongly encouraged to publicize their projects through presentations and conference participation. + +\section{Literature Review} +Competency profiles are a common way for information management professions to express educational and/or professional benchmarks. These include foundational professional concepts, information resources, research standards, lifelong learning expectations, and management principles and ethics, among other things. The American Library Association's "Core Competencies of Librarianship," for instance, establishes a baseline for those things that every "person graduating from an ALA-accredited master's program in library and information studies should know and, where appropriate, be able to employ."\cite{4} At least 16 affiliated or closely related professional organizations have adopted similar statements. \cite{5} + +Studies of training needs and efficacy \cite{6, 7, 8} cite the lack of a commonly accepted profile for digital stewardship as confounding to efforts to design complementary curricula. Alternative approaches in the U.S.,\cite{9, 10}, U.K.\cite{11}, and internationally\cite{12, 13} survey professionals actively working in digital stewardship roles to identify their core competencies in order to broadly identify gaps and opportunities in the training and education of current and future professionals. Efforts continue to develop rigorous digital stewardship curricula among select ALA-accredited programs in library and information science. They range from exhaustively deductive matrices of technical proficiencies\cite{14} to inductive and fieldwork-based practicum programs.\cite{15} + +Studies both external\cite{16} and internal\cite{17} to the Society of American Archivists (SAA) were instrumental to the creation of that organization's Digital Archives Specialist (DAS) Curriculum and its corresponding certification program, which at the time of writing provides the archival profession's most succinct, widely disseminated, and professionally supported profile of the "core competencies" for digital archivists\cite{18}. Digital stewards outside of the archives domain would benefit from similarly rigorous research and output. + +The logic for identifying competency indicators differs across the above efforts, but the authors took especial interest in the methodology chosen for the \textit{Information: Curate, Archive, Manage, Preserve} (iCAMP) curriculum development project, which reduces the language of data management job advertisements to summaries of the job titles, experience requirements, and knowledge and skill expectations that they contain\cite{19}. The results are too specific to the data management domain and generalized in their language to answer this paper's questions regarding digital stewardship writ large. However, they provide a useful precedent for the application of qualitative data analysis tools to perform comparable document analysis on a corpus of residency project descriptions that the authors believe are both more broad in their professional scope and specific in their language. + +Less rigorous, more impromptu investigations\cite{20, 21} also mine the corpus of job advertisements for language articulating the specific competencies desired by information organizations hiring digital archivists. These inquiries provide useful insight into the emerging lexicon of digital archives, but leave open to question how many of these articulated competencies and skills are the core responsibilities for their hires, and towards which future professionals must train. + +The literature review reveals an opportunity to provide digital stewards with an overarching competency profile and statement that span various specializations within the field, but which also articulate requirements concretely enough to guide graduate and professional education and training goals. + +\begin{table*}[t!] +\begin{tabular}{lll} +\textbf{Code category} & \textbf{Frequency} & \textbf{Sub-Codes} \\ +Technical skills & 397 & Format migration/transcoding \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\multirow{9}{*}{}} & Metadata \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Workflow enhancement/development \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Audio/video \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Digital asset management \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Digitization \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Coding/scripting \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Implementation of hardware/software \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Web archiving \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Qualitative and data analysis skills \\ +Professional output responsibilities & 275 & Metadata crosswalk/guidelines \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\multirow{4}{*}{}} & Report/recommendations \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Survey/inventory \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Teaching materials/toolkits \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Scholarly output \\ +Communication skills & 148 & Presentation \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\multirow{5}{*}{}} & Written output \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Workshop/training \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Interact/liaise with internal staff/stakeholders \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Interact/liaise with external stakeholders \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Public outreach \\ +Research responsibilities & 118 & Literature review \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\multirow{2}{*}{}} & Survey of standards/best practices \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Environmental scan \\ +Project management abilities & 92 & Managing resources \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Managing people \\ +Knowledge of standards and best practices & 62 & Metadata \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\multirow{2}{*}{}} & Data management \\ +\multicolumn{2}{l}{} & Repository management \\ +Personality requirements & 30 & Attention to detail \\ + & & Flexible \\ + & & Enthusiastic +\end{tabular} +\caption{Code categories, their frequencies and sub-codes from the document analysis.} +\label{my-label} +\end{table*} + +The authors used a triangulated approach to create a profile of digital stewardship competencies. The literature review provided an initial sample of commonly used summary terminology for skills, knowledge areas, and responsibilities typically applied in practice. This informed the authors' distillation of 35 NDSR project descriptions through document analysis\footnote{Document analysis is a systematic procedure for analyzing and interpreting data generated from documents; in qualitative research, document analysis is often used to corroborate findings from other data sources such as surveys, interviews, etc.\cite{22}}, the results of which provided the authors the precise terminology with which to construct a survey instrument. + +Project descriptions for both New York residency cohorts\cite{23} and the most recent cohorts in both Boston\cite{24} and Washington, D.C.\cite{25} were retrieved from each cohort's official website. Project descriptions for the initial Boston\cite{26} and Washington, D.C.\cite{27} residency cohorts were retrieved from the archived instances of those cohorts' official websites made available through the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine. + +\section{Research Methods} +\begin{figure*}[!t] + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{total_skills.png} + \label{Figure 1.} + \caption{Total distribution of frequency of responses over code categories} +\end{figure*} + +The authors used a social science research methodology called grounded theory\cite{28} to analyze the qualitative data (project descriptions). Research using grounded theory begins with a collection of qualitative data that the researcher then reviews and re-reviews. During this process, the researcher tags specific quotes, words, or phrases as evidence, and assigns them "codes" that represent larger ideas.\cite{29} As data is iteratively reviewed, these codes can be grouped into concepts and ultimately categories, which become the basis for a new thesis or theory. This differs from traditional qualitative methodology because it creates its theoretical framework inductively, rather than relying upon an existing one.\cite{30} + +The authors used this method to code for attributes expected of each resident. The authors used NVivo\footnote{Produced by QSR International: http://www.qsrinternational.com/product}, a proprietary qualitative data analysis software designed for researchers working with data that requires deep levels of analysis, in order to perform document analysis. NVivo was chosen because of its real-time version control, which was useful because the research team was geographically distributed. Two of the authors performed an initial blind review of the materials, using a predetermined codebook\footnote{A codebook describes and defines the codes for which the authors searched.} based on an initial sampling of the dataset and the literature review. + +Although the document analysis could provide the authors with a baseline understanding of the attributes that the residents were intended to develop, the authors also sought to examine how the projects had been borne out in practice. To accomplish this, the authors designed and implemented an online survey of current and past residents. By comparing the findings of the document analysis and the survey, the authors could assign quantitative weight to any similarities, differences, or unanticipated but necessary competencies. + +The overarching code categories became the question blocks and the sub-codes became the corresponding rating matrix of individual questions within the survey instrument (see Supplementary Materials). The authors chose to exclude \textit{Personality requirements} (see Table 1) from the survey because these are general traits common to job advertisements across professions, rather than specific to digital stewardship. + +The authors used Qualtrics\footnote{Produced by Qualtrics: https://www.qualtrics.com/}, a proprietary research software used to enable online data collection through building survey instruments, because it was readily available via an institutional license, randomized question order, and anonymized participants down to the IP address. + +Initially, four survey invitations were sent to the list of participants using the Qualtrics email function, or "mailer." The mailer allows for complete anonymity in the data collection: the authors could not see who had completed or not completed the survey. This also allowed the authors to send out individualized, anonymous links, to separate respondents in bulk. When the survey was scheduled to close, there were still nine participants of the original thirty-five who did not partake. To get as close to a full dataset as possible, each author sent a follow-up email to four-to-seven participants. The link to the survey included in these emails was still anonymous and did not record IP, but was no longer unique to each recipient. + +The authors acknowledge several methodological issues with the data collection for this study. The first is that the authors are included in the dataset as participants. The most significant issue is that the authors effectively studied themselves; they designed, tested, and discussed the survey before deployment. As a result, they did not take the survey blind. Not only did this differentiate them from the rest of the participants, which could potentially skew the data, but it also introduced the potential for nonresponse bias\cite{31}. However, the authors randomized the questions to mitigate the latter issue. Although the authors recognize that participating in their own research is unorthodox, they felt that it was essential to equally represent all of the different NDSR projects, locations, and cohorts in the survey results. Were they to have recused themselves from the study, it would have been impossible to achieve the generally accepted statistical minimum of 35\cite{32}. Moreover, because the authors all belonged to the same 2014-15 NDSR in New York cohort, those projects would not have been represented in the survey results. The authors felt that the benefits of including their responses outweighed the potential costs of excluding their responses from the dataset. + +Another potential problem was the fact that fifteen of the participants took the survey before they completed their residencies. This introduced a possibility for survey bias \cite{33}. They might not have been able to answer the optional questions regarding 1) post-NDSR job functions, and 2) additional skills necessary to complete their residencies. However, since the current residents could answer all the required questions (they were more than halfway through their residencies during data collection), they were still included in the participant population. + +The authors' final concern was with sending individual emails to participants. This demystified some of the initial anonymity afforded by using the Qualtrics mailer. Some participants replied to these individualized emails, indicating they had already taken the survey (some even providing the date), or that they had not taken part but would do so shortly. The authors promptly deleted these emails permanently, and no records remain. Given the already small sample size, the authors felt that having as close to a complete dataset as possible was so impactful to the results that the follow ups were necessary. + +\section{Results} +This study had two main outputs: the results of the document analysis (qualitative), and the results of the survey (quantitative). Through examining both, the authors could create a matrix of the competency areas vital to the National Digital Stewardship Residencies. + +\subsection{Document Analysis} +Two of the authors coded the project descriptions. In order to compare their interpretations of the data, the authors used the NVivo "coding comparison" feature to determine that they had a 90\% agreement rate on the codes, and then met to reconcile the 10\% of cases in which their coding differed. The seven resulting high-level code categories represent the overall categories of competencies required to perform as a digital steward. These were informed by terminology from the literature review and the initial sampling of the qualitative dataset. + +Seven coded categories of competence in residency-related functions emerged from the analysis: \textit{Technical skills}; \textit{Knowledge of standards and best practices}; \textit{Research responsibilities}; \textit{Communication skills}; \textit{Project management abilities}; \textit{Professional output responsibilities}; and \textit{Personality requirements}. The authors iteratively reviewed the qualitative data in order to identify sub-codes that more specifically represent the competency areas applied in the performance of the residencies. The minimum number of sub-codes per category was two, within \textit{Project management abilities}, and the maximum was ten, within \textit{Technical skills} (see Table 1). + +Due in part to their extensive range of skills, \textit{Technical skills} has the highest frequency of appearances in the data (397). The second-highest is \textit{Professional output responsibilities} (275). \textit{Personality requirements} appear the least, at 30 in total. + +\subsection{Survey Responses} +\begin{figure}[b!] +\centering + \includegraphics[keepaspectratio, scale=0.4]{modal_average.png} + \label{Figure 3.} + \caption{Modal average of code categories.} +\end{figure} + +\begin{table*}[t!] +\centering +\resizebox{\textwidth}{!}{% +\begin{tabular}{llllllll} + & & \multicolumn{5}{l}{\textbf{Response Counts}} & \\ +\textbf{Code Category} & \textbf{Sub-Code} & \textbf{1} & \textbf{2} & \textbf{3} & \textbf{4} & \textbf{5} & \textbf{Mode} \\ +Technical skills & Format migration/transcoding & 10 & 6 & 10 & 4 & 3 & 1,3 \\ + & Metadata creation and manipulation & 5 & 5 & 5 & 7 & 11 & 5 \\ + & Workflow enhancement/development & 1 & 1 & 3 & 7 & 21 & 5 \\ + & A/V preservation & 14 & 6 & 3 & 2 & 8 & 1 \\ + & Digital asset management & 2 & 3 & 5 & 8 & 15 & 5 \\ + & Digitization & 11 & 8 & 5 & 5 & 4 & 1 \\ + & Coding/scripting & 10 & 10 & 6 & 4 & 3 & 1,2 \\ + & Hardware/software implementation & 6 & 7 & 7 & 7 & 6 & 3 \\ + & Web archiving & 18 & 7 & 3 & 1 & 4 & 1 \\ + & Qualitative data analysis & 7 & 8 & 3 & 7 & 8 & 2,5 \\ +Professional output responsibilities & Metadata documentation & 6 & 4 & 7 & 9 & 7 & 3,5 \\ + & Reports/recommendations & 0 & 3 & 0 & 2 & 28 & 5 \\ + & Surveys and/or inventories & 1 & 9 & 8 & 7 & 8 & 2 \\ + & Teaching materials/toolkits & 7 & 7 & 10 & 3 & 6 & 3 \\ + & Scholarly output (ie. annotated bibliographies, white papers, etc.) & 10 & 4 & 10 & 6 & 3 & 1,3 \\ +Communication skills & Presentations (webinars, conferences, in-person stakeholder meetings, etc.) & 1 & 2 & 6 & 9 & 15 & 5 \\ + & Written output (blog posts, journal articles, etc.) & 2 & 1 & 14 & 9 & 7 & 3 \\ + & Workshops and trainings & 3 & 8 & 9 & 7 & 6 & 3 \\ + & Internal Interactions & 0 & 0 & 1 & 8 & 24 & 5 \\ + & External Interactions & 4 & 5 & 6 & 8 & 10 & 5 \\ + & Public Outreach (social media, public events, etc.) & 9 & 9 & 6 & 6 & 3 & 1,2 \\ +Research responsibilities & Literature reviews & 6 & 7 & 9 & 5 & 6 & 3 \\ + & Surveys of best practices and standards & 0 & 5 & 4 & 7 & 17 & 5 \\ + & Environmental scans (e.g. reviewing practices at peer institutions) & 1 & 3 & 2 & 11 & 16 & 5 \\ + & Needs assessment/gap analysis & 1 & 1 & 5 & 10 & 16 & 5 \\ +Project management abilities & Managing project resources (ie. workflows, tools, documentation, etc.) & 2 & 2 & 2 & 9 & 18 & 5 \\ + & Managing people (ie. vendor relations, intern/staff supervision, etc.) & 2 & 6 & 9 & 6 & 10 & 5 \\ +Knowledge of standards and best practices & Metadata & 1 & 5 & 5 & 14 & 8 & 4 \\ + & Data management & 4 & 5 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 5 \\ + & Repository management (TRAC, TRD, OAIS, etc.) & 1 & 7 & 9 & 7 & 9 & 3,5 +\end{tabular}% +} +\caption{Responses per sub-code with descriptive statistics.} +\label{my-label} +\end{table*} +The survey was open from March 14 to April 1, 2016. Each of the six code categories had one required question, which took the form of a rating matrix (see Supplementary Materials). Each sub-code (see Table 1) represented a row of the matrix, and participants were asked to rank competencies on a five-point Likert scale from "Not at all important" (1) to "Essential" (5) (matrix columns). The survey had a 94\% response rate, having received 33 participant responses out of a total group of 35. The authors analyzed the frequency of responses in each code block in order to determine what the most impactful categories and individual competencies were to achieving residency goals. + +Respondents identified "Essential" competencies frequently throughout the code categories. In four of the six categories, more sub-codes were deemed "Essential" than they were deemed any other level of importance, and in each case by a margin of at least seven responses. \textit{Technical skills} had a higher combined frequency of responses for "Not at all important" and "Occasionally important" than it did for "Very important" and "Essential," which drove down its overall importance rating. Only three more respondents deemed \textit{Knowledge of standards and best practices} "Very important" than those who deemed it "Essential." + +The category of \textit{Technical skills} had the lowest average importance of the six codes, and \textit{Professional output responsibilities} had the second-lowest. The other four codes were all deemed "Essential" on average by the participants (see Figure 3). + +\subsubsection{Technical Skills} +\begin{figure*} +\centering + \includegraphics[keepaspectratio, scale=0.5]{tech_skills.png} + \label{Figure 4.} + \caption{Breakdown of technical skills code category} +\end{figure*} +Perhaps the most striking aspect of the data was the \textit{Technical skills} category. \textit{Technical skills} had the most mixed results of any category in the survey, which could be due in part to the fact that it had the highest number of granular competency areas (sub-codes). The result was a clear disparity in the distribution of responses per importance level. The outlier in \textit{Technical skills} with the lowest importance rating was \textit{Web archiving}, which drove down the overall importance found in Figure 3. \textit{Workflow enhancement} was also an outlier; it was rated as the most essential technical skill by a margin of seven responses. + +\subsection{Optional Questions} +After answering the required questions above, survey respondents were invited to answer three optional questions. + +\subsubsection{Quantitative} +An optional question in the survey asked the participants whether or not their experience in NDSR was relevant to their current employment. Every participant answered this question, with 90\% (30 participants) saying yes, while 10\% (3 participants) answered no. + +\subsubsection{Qualitative} +The last two questions in the survey were open-ended questions that asked participants for feedback in longer-form writing. The first question asked participants to identify any competencies not addressed in the survey. 11 of 33 (33\%) of respondents answered this question. The authors could not ascribe any particular pattern to these responses, however several of them further described a competency or competencies from the survey as applied to their specific project. The second question asked for any additional feedback or comments. 6 of 33 (18\%) answered the second question. These answers were not analyzed using the qualitative methods above due to the low frequency and disparate topics covered, some of which again answered the previous optional question. + +\section{Conclusions} +Learning from the competency areas that were described in the NDSR projects and identified by residents as being especially important (i.e. achieving a surveyed modal average of 4 [Very important] or 5 [Essential]), a competency statement representing this profile could read as follows: + +\begin{quote} +Effective digital stewards leverage their technical skills, knowledge of standards and best practices, research opportunities, communication skills, and project management abilities to ensure the long-term viability of the digital record. + +In order to accomplish this, they cultivate their skill developing and enhancing new and existing digital media workflows, managing digital assets, and creating and manipulating these assets' metadata. They commit to the successful implementation of these new workflows, standards, and best practices by reliably managing both project resources and people. + +They maximize the impact of their professional practice by soliciting regular input from stakeholders both internal and external to their institutional setting. They articulate and document the standards and practices that address these needs by creating policies, professional recommendations, and reports, which requires that they maintain current and and expert knowledge of standards and best practices for metadata and data management in their respective sectors. + +To keep current and anticipate needs as they develop in these and other areas important to their field and their stakeholders, they conduct professional research in the forms of environmental scans, needs assessments and gap analyses, and surveys of emerging standards and best practices. + +Digital stewards are qualified to manage, preserve, and provide access to various new and/or challenging forms of media. They may also engage in, among other things: coding and scripting; digitization; hardware and software implementation; public outreach; and special media format management and migration. +\end{quote} + +The authors conclude that while there are some fundamental competencies required of digital stewards, digital stewardship also encompasses niche skills that are role-specific. Several \textit{Technical skills} were far more important to some projects than to others, and therefore could be considered specialized, rather than fundamental skills. There was a clear bimodal distribution for \textit{Technical skills} (sub-codes in this category were deemed "Not at all important" 84 times and "Essential" 85 times). The authors posit that while job postings often list \textit{Technical skills} as being essential, this study indicates that they are not always essential to all jobs in practice. + +These split distributions apply to \textit{Technical skills} sub-codes as well. For example, respondents were evenly split when gauging the importance of both \textit{Hardware/software implementation} and \textit{Qualitative data analysis}. These skills were unambiguously important to half of the respondents, but it unambiguously unimportant to the other half. \textit{Web archiving} distinguishes itself in this regard as a particularly niche skill--"Essential" to four respondents, but "Not important at all" to eighteen. By contrast, \textit{Workflow enhancement} is a universally important skill, having been deemed "Essential" twenty-one times and "Not important at all" only once. + +By analyzing the project descriptions of the National Digital Stewardship Residencies, the authors enumerated the competency areas that define digital stewardship across a broad swath of applications. By surveying the residents responsible for successfully completing these residencies, they were also able to highlight fundamental competency areas that therefore belong in any profile of an effective digital steward. + +\section{Implications and Future Work} +While the majority of competencies (sub-codes) surveyed for this study were definitively fundamental (had a mode $\geq$ 4) or specialized (had a mode of $\leq$ 2), there were thirteen that could not be as conclusively categorized. Of these, there were five that had a mode of 3, meaning the majority of the participants labeled these as "Somewhat important." These are: \textit{Hardware/software implementation}, \textit{Written output}, \textit{Workshops and trainings}, \textit{Teaching materials/toolkits}, and \textit{Literature review}. Seven sub-codes had multiple modes, showing disagreement among the participants as to the relevance of the skill for successfully completing their digital stewardship work. These are: \textit{Format migration/transcoding}, \textit{Coding/scripting}, \textit{Qualitative data analysis}, \textit{Public outreach}, \textit{Repository management}, \textit{Metadata documentation}, and \textit{Scholarly output}. The authors refrained from assigning these sub-codes into either the "Fundamental" or the "Specialized" tiers. The authors included them in this study's resulting competency statement as examples of further and increasingly specialized areas of work for which digital stewards are qualified, however, determining the place that these specific thirteen sub-codes hold in the overall profile of competencies for digital stewards presents an opportunity for future research. + +It is important to note that this study's qualitative analysis was based on descriptions of projects, all of which were inherently time-limited and some of which were deliberately narrow in focus. While it was beyond the scope of this study, the diversity of project types among NDSR cohorts may also have affected the results. The specificity of certain projects, coupled with the fact that they were all designed to be accomplished in a relatively short time-frame, may have impacted our results to some degree--perhaps enough so to merit a new study that is based on a different set of data. However, the 90\% affirmation among this study's survey respondents implies that these competencies extend to digital stewardship positions beyond NDSR. The authors encourage using a similarly triangulated methodology to analyze competency areas found among permanent position descriptions and their incumbents. In particular, a follow-up study of those who have completed National Digital Stewardship Residencies and are now in permanent digital stewardship positions could do so while counterbalancing any possible bias of this study towards competencies that apply disproportionately to short-term appointments. + +Finally, it is worth noting the fact that all residencies took place in the U.S.A., and consequently that this research is not international in scope. This presents an important area for future research, which might involve conducting a comparable study built on job descriptions culled from a variety of national contexts. Contrasting the results of such a study with the competency profile presented here would perhaps enable the construction of a stronger and more well-rounded profile overall. + +This research has implications for current and future digital stewards alike: The resulting profile can be used to guide graduate and professional development curricula, and training designed with this profile as its basis will focus on the skills most needed to be an effective digital steward. For instance, this study suggests that although specific technical skills are viewed as highly important in different settings, a much larger majority of projects required skills less bound to a particular technology or media, like documentation creation and workflow analysis. The high level of agreement regarding the importance of writing reports and communicating internally also bolster a need for digital stewards to not only possess a deep understanding of their field, but to effectively disseminate their work to others. This new profile illustrates the fundamental competencies that must be cultivated by digital stewards in order to succeed in the profession. + +\section{Supplementary Materials} +The authors welcome and encourage others to extend and reproduce their study, and have made all research materials, including the survey instrument and data, freely available at the following: https://osf.io/xfc26 + +\bibliographystyle{unsrt} +\bibliography{biblio} + +%\balancecolumns + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/acm_proc_article-sp.cls b/acm_proc_article-sp.cls new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ec6f3c --- /dev/null +++ b/acm_proc_article-sp.cls @@ -0,0 +1,1670 @@ +% ACM_PROC_ARTICLE-SP.CLS - VERSION 3.2SP +% COMPATIBLE WITH THE "SIG-ALTERNATE" V2.4 +% Gerald Murray - April 22nd. 2009 +% +% ---- Start of 'updates' ---- +% +% April 22nd. 2009 - Fixed 'Natbib' incompatibility problem - Gerry +% April 22nd. 2009 - Fixed 'Babel' incompatibility problem - Gerry +% April 22nd. 2009 - Inserted various bug-fixes and improvements - Gerry +% +% To produce Type 1 fonts in the document plus allow for 'normal LaTeX accenting' in the critical areas; +% title, author block, section-heads, etc. etc. +% i.e. the whole purpose of this version update is to NOT resort to 'inelegant accent patches'. +% After much research, three extra .sty packages were added to the the tail (ae, aecompl, aeguill) to solve, +% in particular, the accenting problem(s). 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If you have a +%%% \date command it will be ignored; no date appears on the paper, since +%%% the proceedings will have a date on the front cover. +%%% 4) Marginal paragraphs, tables of contents, lists of figures and tables, +%%% and page headings are all forbidden. +%%% 5) The `figure' environment will produce a figure one column wide; if you +%%% want one that is two columns wide, use `figure*'. +%%% +% +%%% Copyright Space: +%%% This style automatically leaves 1" blank space at the bottom of page 1/ +%%% column 1. This space can optionally be filled with some text using the +%%% \toappear{...} command. If used, this command must be BEFORE the \maketitle +%%% command. If this command is defined AND [preprint] is on, then the +%%% space is filled with the {...} text (at the bottom); otherwise, it is +%%% blank. If you use \toappearbox{...} instead of \toappear{...} then a +%%% box will be drawn around the text (if [preprint] is on). +%%% +%%% A typical usage looks like this: +%%% \toappear{To appear in the Ninth AES Conference on Medievil Lithuanian +%%% Embalming Technique, June 1991, Alfaretta, Georgia.} +%%% This will be included in the preprint, and left out of the conference +%%% version. +%%% +%%% WARNING: +%%% Some dvi-ps converters heuristically allow chars to drift from their +%%% true positions a few pixels. This may be noticeable with the 9pt sans-serif +%%% bold font used for section headers. +%%% You may turn this hackery off via the -e option: +%%% dvips -e 0 foo.dvi >foo.ps +%%% +\typeout{Document Class 'acm_proc_article-sp' <22nd. April '09>. Modified by G.K.M. Tobin} +\typeout{Based in part upon document Style `acmconf' <22 May 89>. Hacked 4/91 by} +\typeout{shivers@cs.cmu.edu, 4/93 by theobald@cs.mcgill.ca} +\typeout{Excerpts were taken from (Journal Style) 'esub2acm.cls'.} +\typeout{****** Bugs/comments/suggestions to Gerry Murray -- murray@hq.acm.org ******} + +\oddsidemargin 4.5pc +\evensidemargin 4.5pc +\advance\oddsidemargin by -1in % Correct for LaTeX gratuitousness +\advance\evensidemargin by -1in % Correct for LaTeX gratuitousness +\marginparwidth 0pt % Margin pars are not allowed. +\marginparsep 11pt % Horizontal space between outer margin and + % marginal note + + % Top of page: +\topmargin 4.5pc % Nominal distance from top of page to top of + % box containing running head. +\advance\topmargin by -1in % Correct for LaTeX gratuitousness +\headheight 0pt % Height of box containing running head. +\headsep 0pt % Space between running head and text. + % Bottom of page: +\footskip 30pt % Distance from baseline of box containing foot + % to baseline of last line of text. +\@ifundefined{footheight}{\newdimen\footheight}{}% this is for LaTeX2e +\footheight 12pt % Height of box containing running foot. + + +%% Must redefine the top margin so there's room for headers and +%% page numbers if you are using the preprint option. Footers +%% are OK as is. Olin. +\advance\topmargin by -37pt % Leave 37pt above text for headers +\headheight 12pt % Height of box containing running head. +\headsep 25pt % Space between running head and text. + +\textheight 666pt % 9 1/4 column height +\textwidth 42pc % Width of text line. + % For two-column mode: +\columnsep 2pc % Space between columns +\columnseprule 0pt % Width of rule between columns. +\hfuzz 1pt % Allow some variation in column width, otherwise it's + % too hard to typeset in narrow columns. + +\footnotesep 5.6pt % Height of strut placed at the beginning of every + % footnote =3D height of normal \footnotesize strut, + % so no extra space between footnotes. + +\skip\footins 8.1pt plus 4pt minus 2pt % Space between last line of text and + % top of first footnote. +\floatsep 11pt plus 2pt minus 2pt % Space between adjacent floats moved + % to top or bottom of text page. +\textfloatsep 18pt plus 2pt minus 4pt % Space between main text and floats + % at top or bottom of page. +\intextsep 11pt plus 2pt minus 2pt % Space between in-text figures and + % text. +\@ifundefined{@maxsep}{\newdimen\@maxsep}{}% this is for LaTeX2e +\@maxsep 18pt % The maximum of \floatsep, + % \textfloatsep and \intextsep (minus + % the stretch and shrink). +\dblfloatsep 11pt plus 2pt minus 2pt % Same as \floatsep for double-column + % figures in two-column mode. +\dbltextfloatsep 18pt plus 2pt minus 4pt% \textfloatsep for double-column + % floats. +\@ifundefined{@dblmaxsep}{\newdimen\@dblmaxsep}{}% this is for LaTeX2e +\@dblmaxsep 18pt % The maximum of \dblfloatsep and + % \dbltexfloatsep. +\@fptop 0pt plus 1fil % Stretch at top of float page/column. (Must be + % 0pt plus ...) +\@fpsep 8pt plus 2fil % Space between floats on float page/column. +\@fpbot 0pt plus 1fil % Stretch at bottom of float page/column. (Must be + % 0pt plus ... ) +\@dblfptop 0pt plus 1fil % Stretch at top of float page. (Must be 0pt plus ...) +\@dblfpsep 8pt plus 2fil % Space between floats on float page. +\@dblfpbot 0pt plus 1fil % Stretch at bottom of float page. (Must be + % 0pt plus ... ) +\marginparpush 5pt % Minimum vertical separation between two marginal + % notes. + +\parskip 0pt % Extra vertical space between paragraphs. + % Set to 0pt outside sections, to keep section heads + % uniformly spaced. The value of parskip is set + % to leading value _within_ sections. + % 12 Jan 2000 gkmt +\parindent 0pt % Width of paragraph indentation. +\partopsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt% Extra vertical space, in addition to + % \parskip and \topsep, added when user + % leaves blank line before environment. + +\@lowpenalty 51 % Produced by \nopagebreak[1] or \nolinebreak[1] +\@medpenalty 151 % Produced by \nopagebreak[2] or \nolinebreak[2] +\@highpenalty 301 % Produced by \nopagebreak[3] or \nolinebreak[3] + +\@beginparpenalty -\@lowpenalty % Before a list or paragraph environment. +\@endparpenalty -\@lowpenalty % After a list or paragraph environment. +\@itempenalty -\@lowpenalty % Between list items. + +%\@namedef{ds@10pt}{\@latexerr{The `10pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' +\@namedef{ds@10pt}{\ClassError{The `10pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' % January 2008 + document style.}\@eha} +%\@namedef{ds@11pt}{\@latexerr{The `11pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' +\@namedef{ds@11pt}{\ClassError{The `11pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' % January 2008 + document style.}\@eha} +%\@namedef{ds@12pt}{\@latexerr{The `12pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' +\@namedef{ds@12pt}{\ClassError{The `12pt' option is not allowed in the `acmconf' % January 2008 + document style.}\@eha} + +\@options + +\lineskip 2pt % \lineskip is 1pt for all font sizes. +\normallineskip 2pt +\def\baselinestretch{1} + +\abovedisplayskip 9pt plus2pt minus4.5pt% +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus3pt% +\belowdisplayshortskip 5.4pt plus3pt minus3pt% +\let\@listi\@listI % Setting of \@listi added 9 Jun 87 + +\def\small{\@setsize\small{9pt}\viiipt\@viiipt +\abovedisplayskip 7.6pt plus 3pt minus 4pt% +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus2pt% +\belowdisplayshortskip 3.6pt plus2pt minus 2pt +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini %% Added 22 Dec 87 +\topsep 4pt plus 2pt minus 2pt\parsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt +\itemsep \parsep}} + +\def\footnotesize{\@setsize\footnotesize{9pt}\ixpt\@ixpt +\abovedisplayskip 6.4pt plus 2pt minus 4pt% +\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip +\abovedisplayshortskip \z@ plus 1pt% +\belowdisplayshortskip 2.7pt plus 1pt minus 2pt +\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini %% Added 22 Dec 87 +\topsep 3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt\parsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt +\itemsep \parsep}} + +\newcount\aucount +\newcount\originalaucount +\newdimen\auwidth +\auwidth=\textwidth +\newdimen\auskip +\newcount\auskipcount +\newdimen\auskip +\global\auskip=1pc +\newdimen\allauboxes +\allauboxes=\auwidth +\newtoks\addauthors +\newcount\addauflag +\global\addauflag=0 %Haven't shown additional authors yet + +\newtoks\subtitletext +\gdef\subtitle#1{\subtitletext={#1}} + +\gdef\additionalauthors#1{\addauthors={#1}} + +\gdef\numberofauthors#1{\global\aucount=#1 +\ifnum\aucount>3\global\originalaucount=\aucount \global\aucount=3\fi %g} % 3 OK - Gerry March 2007 +\global\auskipcount=\aucount\global\advance\auskipcount by 1 +\global\multiply\auskipcount by 2 +\global\multiply\auskip by \auskipcount +\global\advance\auwidth by -\auskip +\global\divide\auwidth by \aucount} + +% \and was modified to count the number of authors. GKMT 12 Aug 1999 +\def\alignauthor{% % \begin{tabular} +\end{tabular}% + \begin{tabular}[t]{p{\auwidth}}\centering}% + + +% *** NOTE *** NOTE *** NOTE *** NOTE *** +% If you have 'font problems' then you may need +% to change these, e.g. 'arialb' instead of "arialbd". +% Gerry Murray 11/11/1999 +% *** OR ** comment out block A and activate block B or vice versa. +% ********************************************** +% +% -- Start of block A -- (Type 1 or Truetype fonts) +%\newfont{\secfnt}{timesbd at 12pt} % was timenrb originally - now is timesbd +%\newfont{\secit}{timesbi at 12pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\subsecfnt}{timesi at 11pt} % was timenrri originally - now is timesi +%\newfont{\subsecit}{timesbi at 11pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt -- was times changed to timesbi gm 2/4/2000 +% % because "normal" is italic, "italic" is Roman +%\newfont{\ttlfnt}{arialbd at 18pt} % was arialb originally - now is arialbd +%\newfont{\ttlit}{arialbi at 18pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\subttlfnt}{arial at 14pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial +%\newfont{\subttlit}{ariali at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\subttlbf}{arialbd at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\aufnt}{arial at 12pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial +%\newfont{\auit}{ariali at 12pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\affaddr}{arial at 10pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial +%\newfont{\affaddrit}{ariali at 10pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt +%\newfont{\eaddfnt}{arial at 12pt} % was arialr originally - now is arial +%\newfont{\ixpt}{times at 9pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times +%\newfont{\confname}{timesi at 8pt} % was timenrri - now is timesi +%\newfont{\crnotice}{times at 8pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times +%\newfont{\ninept}{times at 9pt} % was timenrr originally - now is times +% ********************************************* +% -- End of block A -- +% +% +% -- Start of block B -- UPDATED FONT NAMES +% ********************************************* +% Gerry Murray 11/30/2006 +% ********************************************* +\newfont{\secfnt}{ptmb8t at 12pt} +\newfont{\secit}{ptmbi8t at 12pt} %13 Jan 00 gkmt +\newfont{\subsecfnt}{ptmri8t at 11pt} +\newfont{\subsecit}{ptmbi8t at 11pt} % +\newfont{\ttlfnt}{phvb8t at 18pt} +\newfont{\ttlit}{phvbo8t at 18pt} % GM 2/4/2000 +\newfont{\subttlfnt}{phvr8t at 14pt} +\newfont{\subttlit}{phvro8t at 14pt} % GM 2/4/2000 +\newfont{\subttlbf}{phvb8t at 14pt} % 13 Jan 00 gkmt +\newfont{\aufnt}{phvr8t at 12pt} +\newfont{\auit}{phvro8t at 12pt} % GM 2/4/2000 +\newfont{\affaddr}{phvr8t at 10pt} +\newfont{\affaddrit}{phvro8t at 10pt} % GM 2/4/2000 +\newfont{\eaddfnt}{phvr8t at 12pt} +\newfont{\ixpt}{ptmr8t at 9pt} +\newfont{\confname}{ptmri8t at 8pt} +\newfont{\crnotice}{ptmr8t at 8pt} +\newfont{\ninept}{ptmr8t at 9pt} +% +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +% -- End of block B -- + +%\def\email#1{{{\eaddfnt{\vskip 4pt#1}}}} +% If we have an email, inside a "shared affiliation" then we need the following instead +\def\email#1{{{\eaddfnt{\par #1}}}} % revised - GM - 11/30/2006 + +\def\addauthorsection{\ifnum\originalaucount>6 % was 3 - Gerry March 2007 + \section{Additional Authors}\the\addauthors + \fi} + +\newcount\savesection +\newcount\sectioncntr +\global\sectioncntr=1 + +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} + +\def\appendix{\par +\section*{APPENDIX} +\setcounter{section}{0} + \setcounter{subsection}{0} + \def\thesection{\Alph{section}} } + + +\leftmargini 22.5pt +\leftmarginii 19.8pt % > \labelsep + width of '(m)' +\leftmarginiii 16.8pt % > \labelsep + width of 'vii.' +\leftmarginiv 15.3pt % > \labelsep + width of 'M.' +\leftmarginv 9pt +\leftmarginvi 9pt + +\leftmargin\leftmargini +\labelsep 4.5pt +\labelwidth\leftmargini\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + +\def\@listI{\leftmargin\leftmargini \parsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt% +\topsep 7.2pt plus 2pt minus 4pt% +\itemsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt} + +\let\@listi\@listI +\@listi + +\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii + \labelwidth\leftmarginii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 3.6pt plus 2pt minus 1pt + \parsep 1.8pt plus 0.9pt minus 0.9pt + \itemsep \parsep} + +\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii + \labelwidth\leftmarginiii\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep + \topsep 1.8pt plus 0.9pt minus 0.9pt + \parsep \z@ \partopsep 1pt plus 0pt minus 1pt + \itemsep \topsep} + +\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv + \labelwidth\leftmarginiv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv + \labelwidth\leftmarginv\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi + \labelwidth\leftmarginvi\advance\labelwidth-\labelsep} + +\def\labelenumi{\theenumi.} +\def\theenumi{\arabic{enumi}} + +\def\labelenumii{(\theenumii)} +\def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}} +\def\p@enumii{\theenumi} + +\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii.} +\def\theenumiii{\roman{enumiii}} +\def\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)} + +\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv.} +\def\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}} +\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii} + +\def\labelitemi{$\bullet$} +\def\labelitemii{\bf --} +\def\labelitemiii{$\ast$} +\def\labelitemiv{$\cdot$} + +\def\verse{\let\\=\@centercr + \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em\listparindent \itemindent + \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item[]} +\let\endverse\endlist + +\def\quotation{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em + \itemindent\listparindent + \rightmargin\leftmargin \parsep 0pt plus 1pt}\item[]} +\let\endquotation=\endlist + +\def\quote{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item[]} +\let\endquote=\endlist + +\def\descriptionlabel#1{\hspace\labelsep \bf #1} +\def\description{\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin + \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}} + +\let\enddescription\endlist + +\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}} + +\arraycolsep 4.5pt % Half the space between columns in an array environment. +\tabcolsep 5.4pt % Half the space between columns in a tabular environment. +\arrayrulewidth .5pt % Width of rules in array and tabular environment. % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007 +\doublerulesep 1.8pt % Space between adjacent rules in array or tabular env. + +\tabbingsep \labelsep % Space used by the \' command. (See LaTeX manual.) + +\skip\@mpfootins =\skip\footins + +\fboxsep =2.7pt % Space left between box and text by \fbox and \framebox. +\fboxrule =.5pt % Width of rules in box made by \fbox and \framebox. % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007 + +\def\thepart{\Roman{part}} % Roman numeral part numbers. +\def\thesection {\arabic{section}} +\def\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}} +%\def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}} % GM 7/30/2002 +%\def\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}} % GM 7/30/2002 +\def\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}} + +\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em} +\def\@tocrmarg {2.55em} +\def\@dotsep{4.5} +\setcounter{tocdepth}{3} + +%\def\tableofcontents{\@latexerr{\tableofcontents: Tables of contents are not +% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha} + +\def\tableofcontents{\ClassError{% + \string\tableofcontents\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008 + style}\@eha} + +\def\l@part#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} + \addvspace{2.25em plus 1pt} % space above part line + \begingroup + \@tempdima 3em % width of box holding part number, used by + \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth %% \numberline + \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth + {\large \bf % set line in \large boldface + \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode. + #1\hfil \hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}}\par + \nobreak % Never break after part entry + \endgroup} + +\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty} % good place for page break + \addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt} % space above toc entry + \@tempdima 1.5em % width of box holding section number + \begingroup + \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth + \parfillskip -\@pnumwidth + \bf % Boldface. + \leavevmode % TeX command to enter horizontal mode. + \advance\leftskip\@tempdima %% added 5 Feb 88 to conform to + \hskip -\leftskip %% 25 Jan 88 change to \numberline + #1\nobreak\hfil \nobreak\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par + \endgroup} + + +\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{1.5em}{2.3em}} +\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{3.8em}{3.2em}} +\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{7.0em}{4.1em}} +\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{10em}{5em}} + +%\def\listoffigures{\@latexerr{\listoffigures: Lists of figures are not +% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha} + +\def\listoffigures{\ClassError{% + \string\listoffigures\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008 + style}\@eha} + +\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{1.5em}{2.3em}} + +%\def\listoftables{\@latexerr{\listoftables: Lists of tables are not +% allowed in the `acmconf' document style.}\@eha} +%\let\l@table\l@figure + +\def\listoftables{\ClassError{% + \string\listoftables\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008 + style}\@eha} + \let\l@table\l@figure + +\def\footnoterule{\kern-3\p@ + \hrule width .5\columnwidth % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007 + \kern 2.6\p@} % The \hrule has default height of .4pt % (was .4) updated Gerry March 20 2007 +% ------ +\long\def\@makefntext#1{\noindent +%\hbox to .5em{\hss$^{\@thefnmark}$}#1} % original +\hbox to .5em{\hss\textsuperscript{\@thefnmark}}#1} % C. Clifton / GM Oct. 2nd. 2002 +% ------- + +\long\def\@maketntext#1{\noindent +#1} + +\long\def\@maketitlenotetext#1#2{\noindent + \hbox to 1.8em{\hss$^{#1}$}#2} + +\setcounter{topnumber}{2} +\def\topfraction{.7} +\setcounter{bottomnumber}{1} +\def\bottomfraction{.3} +\setcounter{totalnumber}{3} +\def\textfraction{.2} +\def\floatpagefraction{.5} +\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{2} +\def\dbltopfraction{.7} +\def\dblfloatpagefraction{.5} + +\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{ + \vskip \baselineskip + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\textbf{#1: #2}} + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize % IF longer than one line: + \textbf{#1: #2}\par % THEN set as ordinary paragraph. + \else % ELSE center. + \hbox to\hsize{\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}\par + \fi} + +\@ifundefined{figure}{\newcounter {figure}} % this is for LaTeX2e + +\def\fps@figure{tbp} +\def\ftype@figure{1} +\def\ext@figure{lof} +\def\fnum@figure{Figure \thefigure} +\def\figure{\@float{figure}} +%\let\endfigure\end@float +\def\endfigure{\end@float} % Gerry January 2008 +\@namedef{figure*}{\@dblfloat{figure}} +\@namedef{endfigure*}{\end@dblfloat} + +\@ifundefined{table}{\newcounter {table}} % this is for LaTeX2e + +\def\fps@table{tbp} +\def\ftype@table{2} +\def\ext@table{lot} +\def\fnum@table{Table \thetable} +\def\table{\@float{table}} +%\let\endtable\end@float +\def\endtable{\end@float} % Gerry January 2008 +\@namedef{table*}{\@dblfloat{table}} +\@namedef{endtable*}{\end@dblfloat} + +\newtoks\titleboxnotes +\newcount\titleboxnoteflag + +\def\maketitle{\par + \begingroup + \def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}} + \def\@makefnmark{\hbox + to 0pt{$^{\@thefnmark}$\hss}} + \twocolumn[\@maketitle] +\@thanks + \endgroup + \setcounter{footnote}{0} + \let\maketitle\relax + \let\@maketitle\relax + \gdef\@thanks{}\gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}\gdef\@subtitle{}\let\thanks\relax + \@copyrightspace} + +%% CHANGES ON NEXT LINES +\newif\if@ll % to record which version of LaTeX is in use + +\expandafter\ifx\csname LaTeXe\endcsname\relax % LaTeX2.09 is used +\else% LaTeX2e is used, so set ll to true +\global\@lltrue +\fi + +\if@ll + \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} + \ProvidesClass{acm_proc_article-sp} [2009/04/22 - V3.2SP - based on esub2acm.sty <23 April 96>] + \RequirePackage{latexsym}% QUERY: are these two really needed? + \let\dooptions\ProcessOptions +\else + \let\dooptions\@options +\fi +%% END CHANGES + +\def\@height{height} +\def\@width{width} +\def\@minus{minus} +\def\@plus{plus} +\def\hb@xt@{\hbox to} +\newif\if@faircopy +\@faircopyfalse +\def\ds@faircopy{\@faircopytrue} + +\def\ds@preprint{\@faircopyfalse} + +\@twosidetrue +\@mparswitchtrue +\def\ds@draft{\overfullrule 5\p@} +%% CHANGE ON NEXT LINE +\dooptions + +\lineskip \p@ +\normallineskip \p@ +\def\baselinestretch{1} +\def\@ptsize{0} %needed for amssymbols.sty + +%% CHANGES ON NEXT LINES +\if@ll% allow use of old-style font change commands in LaTeX2e +\@maxdepth\maxdepth +% +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\ninept\rmfamily}{\mathrm} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl} +\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\cal}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathcal}} +\DeclareRobustCommand*{\mit}{\@fontswitch{\relax}{\mathnormal}} +\fi +% +\if@ll + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{cmr} % was 'ttm' +% Note! I have also found 'mvr' to work ESPECIALLY well. +% Gerry - October 1999 +% You may need to change your LV1times.fd file so that sc is +% mapped to cmcsc - -for smallcaps -- that is if you decide +% to change {cmr} to {times} above. (Not recommended) + \renewcommand{\@ptsize}{} + \renewcommand{\normalsize}{% + \@setfontsize\normalsize\@ixpt{10.5\p@}%\ninept% + \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \abovedisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@ + \let\@listi\@listI + } +\else + \def\@normalsize{%changed next to 9 from 10 + \@setsize\normalsize{9\p@}\ixpt\@ixpt + \abovedisplayskip 6\p@ \@plus2\p@ \@minus\p@ + \belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip + \abovedisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@ + \belowdisplayshortskip 6\p@ \@minus 3\p@ + \let\@listi\@listI + }% +\fi +\if@ll + \newcommand\scriptsize{\@setfontsize\scriptsize\@viipt{8\p@}} + \newcommand\tiny{\@setfontsize\tiny\@vpt{6\p@}} + \newcommand\large{\@setfontsize\large\@xiipt{14\p@}} + \newcommand\Large{\@setfontsize\Large\@xivpt{18\p@}} + \newcommand\LARGE{\@setfontsize\LARGE\@xviipt{20\p@}} + \newcommand\huge{\@setfontsize\huge\@xxpt{25\p@}} + \newcommand\Huge{\@setfontsize\Huge\@xxvpt{30\p@}} +\else + \def\scriptsize{\@setsize\scriptsize{8\p@}\viipt\@viipt} + \def\tiny{\@setsize\tiny{6\p@}\vpt\@vpt} + \def\large{\@setsize\large{14\p@}\xiipt\@xiipt} + \def\Large{\@setsize\Large{18\p@}\xivpt\@xivpt} + \def\LARGE{\@setsize\LARGE{20\p@}\xviipt\@xviipt} + \def\huge{\@setsize\huge{25\p@}\xxpt\@xxpt} + \def\Huge{\@setsize\Huge{30\p@}\xxvpt\@xxvpt} +\fi +\normalsize + +% make aubox hsize/number of authors up to 3, less gutter +% then showbox gutter showbox gutter showbox -- GKMT Aug 99 +\newbox\@acmtitlebox +\def\@maketitle{\newpage + \null + \setbox\@acmtitlebox\vbox{% +\baselineskip 20pt +\vskip 2em % Vertical space above title. + \begin{center} + {\ttlfnt \@title\par} % Title set in 18pt Helvetica (Arial) bold size. + \vskip 1.5em % Vertical space after title. +%This should be the subtitle. +{\subttlfnt \the\subtitletext\par}\vskip 1.25em%\fi + {\baselineskip 16pt\aufnt % each author set in \12 pt Arial, in a + \lineskip .5em % tabular environment + \begin{tabular}[t]{c}\@author + \end{tabular}\par} + \vskip 1.5em % Vertical space after author. + \end{center}} + \dimen0=\ht\@acmtitlebox + \advance\dimen0 by -12.75pc\relax % Increased space for title box -- KBT + \unvbox\@acmtitlebox + \ifdim\dimen0<0.0pt\relax\vskip-\dimen0\fi} + + +\newcount\titlenotecount +\global\titlenotecount=0 +\newtoks\tntoks +\newtoks\tntokstwo +\newtoks\tntoksthree +\newtoks\tntoksfour +\newtoks\tntoksfive + +\def\abstract{ +\ifnum\titlenotecount>0 % was =1 + \insert\footins{% + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore + \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% + }% + \color@begingroup +\ifnum\titlenotecount=1 + \@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=2 + \@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=3 + \@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=4 + \@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\S$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfour\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=5 + \@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ast$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoks\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\dagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntokstwo\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\ddagger$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksthree\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\S$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfour\par\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\@maketntext{% + \raisebox{4pt}{$\P$}\rule\z@\footnotesep\ignorespaces\the\tntoksfive\@finalstrut\strutbox}% +\fi + \color@endgroup} %g} +\fi +\setcounter{footnote}{0} +\section*{ABSTRACT}\normalsize %\the\parskip \the\baselineskip%\ninept +} + +\def\endabstract{\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi} + +\def\keywords{\if@twocolumn +\section*{Keywords} +\else \small +\quotation +\fi} + +% I've pulled the check for 2 cols, since proceedings are _always_ +% two-column 11 Jan 2000 gkmt +\def\terms{%\if@twocolumn +\section*{General Terms} +%\else \small +%\quotation\the\parskip +%\fi} +} + +% -- Classification needs to be a bit smart due to optionals - Gerry/Georgia November 2nd. 1999 +\newcount\catcount +\global\catcount=1 + +\def\category#1#2#3{% +\ifnum\catcount=1 +\section*{Categories and Subject Descriptors} +\advance\catcount by 1\else{\unskip; }\fi + \@ifnextchar [{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}}{\@category{#1}{#2}{#3}[]}% +} + +\def\@category#1#2#3[#4]{% + \begingroup + \let\and\relax + #1 [\textbf{#2}]% + \if!#4!% + \if!#3!\else : #3\fi + \else + :\space + \if!#3!\else #3\kern\z@---\hskip\z@\fi + \textit{#4}% + \fi + \endgroup +} +% + +%%% This section (written by KBT) handles the 1" box in the lower left +%%% corner of the left column of the first page by creating a picture, +%%% and inserting the predefined string at the bottom (with a negative +%%% displacement to offset the space allocated for a non-existent +%%% caption). +%%% +\newtoks\copyrightnotice +\def\ftype@copyrightbox{8} +\def\@copyrightspace{ +\@float{copyrightbox}[b] +\begin{center} +\setlength{\unitlength}{1pc} +\begin{picture}(20,6) %Space for copyright notice +\put(0,-0.95){\crnotice{\@toappear}} +\end{picture} +\end{center} +\end@float} + +\def\@toappear{} % Default setting blank - commands below change this. +\long\def\toappear#1{\def\@toappear{\parbox[b]{20pc}{\baselineskip 9pt#1}}} +\def\toappearbox#1{\def\@toappear{\raisebox{5pt}{\framebox[20pc]{\parbox[b]{19pc}{#1}}}}} + +\newtoks\conf +\newtoks\confinfo +\def\conferenceinfo#1#2{\global\conf={#1}\global\confinfo{#2}} + + +%\def\marginpar{\@latexerr{The \marginpar command is not allowed in the +% `acmconf' document style.}\@eha} + +\def\marginpar{\ClassError{% + \string\marginpar\space is not allowed in the `acmconf' document % January 2008 + style}\@eha} + +\mark{{}{}} % Initializes TeX's marks + +\def\today{\ifcase\month\or + January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or + July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi + \space\number\day, \number\year} + +\def\@begintheorem#1#2{% + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip 10\p@ + \hskip \labelsep + {{\sc #1}\hskip 5\p@\relax#2.}% + ] + \it +} +\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{% + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip 10\p@ + \hskip \labelsep + {\sc #1\ #2\ % This mod by Gerry to enumerate corollaries + \setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{(#3)} % and bracket the 'corollary title' + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa>\z@ % and retain the correct numbering of e.g. theorems + \hskip 5\p@\relax % if they occur 'around' said corollaries. + \box\@tempboxa % Gerry - Nov. 1999. + \fi.}% + ] + \it +} +\newif\if@qeded +\global\@qededfalse + +% -- original +%\def\proof{% +% \vspace{-\parskip} % GM July 2000 (for tighter spacing) +% \global\@qededfalse +% \@ifnextchar[{\@xproof}{\@proof}% +%} +% -- end of original + +% (JSS) Fix for vertical spacing bug - Gerry Murray July 30th. 2002 +\def\proof{% +\vspace{-\lastskip}\vspace{-\parsep}\penalty-51% +\global\@qededfalse +\@ifnextchar[{\@xproof}{\@proof}% +} + +\def\endproof{% + \if@qeded\else\qed\fi + \endtrivlist +} +\def\@proof{% + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip 10\p@ + \hskip \labelsep + {\sc Proof.}% + ] + \ignorespaces +} +\def\@xproof[#1]{% + \trivlist + \item[\hskip 10\p@\hskip \labelsep{\sc Proof #1.}]% + \ignorespaces +} +\def\qed{% + \unskip + \kern 10\p@ + \begingroup + \unitlength\p@ + \linethickness{.4\p@}% + \framebox(6,6){}% + \endgroup + \global\@qededtrue +} + +\def\newdef#1#2{% + \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname + {\@definecounter{#1}% + \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{\@thmcounter{#1}}% + \global\@namedef{#1}{\@defthm{#1}{#2}}% + \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}% + }% +} +\def\@defthm#1#2{% + \refstepcounter{#1}% + \@ifnextchar[{\@ydefthm{#1}{#2}}{\@xdefthm{#1}{#2}}% +} +\def\@xdefthm#1#2{% + \@begindef{#2}{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \ignorespaces +} +\def\@ydefthm#1#2[#3]{% + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip 10\p@ + \hskip \labelsep + {\it #2% +% \savebox\@tempboxa{#3}% + \saveb@x\@tempboxa{#3}% % January 2008 + \ifdim \wd\@tempboxa>\z@ + \ \box\@tempboxa + \fi.% + }]% + \ignorespaces +} +\def\@begindef#1#2{% + \trivlist + \item[% + \hskip 10\p@ + \hskip \labelsep + {\it #1\ \rm #2.}% + ]% +} +\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}} + +\newcounter{part} +\newcounter{section} +\newcounter{subsection}[section] +\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection] +\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection] +\def\thepart{\Roman{part}} +\def\thesection{\arabic{section}} +\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\arabic{subsection}} +\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}} %removed \subsecfnt 29 July 2002 gkmt +\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}} %removed \subsecfnt 29 July 2002 gkmt + +\newif\if@uchead +\@ucheadfalse + +%% CHANGES: NEW NOTE +%% NOTE: OK to use old-style font commands below, since they were +%% suitably redefined for LaTeX2e +%% END CHANGES +\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} +\def\part{% + \@startsection{part}{9}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@} + {4\p@}{\normalsize\@ucheadtrue}% +} + +% Rationale for changes made in next four definitions: +% "Before skip" is made elastic to provide some give in setting columns (vs. +% parskip, which is non-elastic to keep section headers "anchored" to their +% subsequent text. +% +% "After skip" is minimized -- BUT setting it to 0pt resulted in run-in heads, despite +% the documentation asserted only after-skip < 0pt would have result. +% +% Baselineskip added to style to ensure multi-line section titles, and section heads +% followed by another section head rather than text, are decently spaced vertically. +% 12 Jan 2000 gkmt +\def\section{% + \@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}% + {0.5pt}{\baselineskip=14pt\secfnt\@ucheadtrue}% +} + +\def\subsection{% + \@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@} + {0.5pt}{\baselineskip=14pt\secfnt}% +} +\def\subsubsection{% + \@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-10\p@ \@plus -4\p@ \@minus -2\p@}% + {0.5pt}{\baselineskip=14pt\subsecfnt}% +} + +%\def\paragraph{% +% \vskip 12pt\@startsection{paragraph}{3}{\z@}{6\p@ \@plus \p@}% original +% {-5\p@}{\subsecfnt}% +%} +% If one wants sections, subsections and subsubsections numbered, +% but not paragraphs, one usually sets secnumepth to 3. +% For that, the "depth" of paragraphs must be given correctly +% in the definition (``4'' instead of ``3'' as second argument +% of @startsection): +\def\paragraph{% + \vskip 12pt\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{\z@}{6\p@ \@plus \p@}% % GM and Wolfgang May - 11/30/06 + {-5\p@}{\subsecfnt}% +} + +\let\@period=. +\def\@startsection#1#2#3#4#5#6{% + \if@noskipsec %gkmt, 11 aug 99 + \global\let\@period\@empty + \leavevmode + \global\let\@period.% + \fi + \par + \@tempskipa #4\relax + \@afterindenttrue + \ifdim \@tempskipa <\z@ + \@tempskipa -\@tempskipa + \@afterindentfalse + \fi + %\if@nobreak 11 Jan 00 gkmt + %\everypar{} + %\else + \addpenalty\@secpenalty + \addvspace\@tempskipa + %\fi + \parskip=0pt + \@ifstar + {\@ssect{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}} + {\@dblarg{\@sect{#1}{#2}{#3}{#4}{#5}{#6}}}% +} + + +\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{% + \@tempskipa #3\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #4{% + \@hangfrom{\hskip #1}% + \interlinepenalty \@M #5\@@par}% + \endgroup + \else + \def\@svsechd{#4{\hskip #1\relax #5}}% + \fi + \vskip -10.5pt %gkmt, 7 jan 00 -- had been -14pt, now set to parskip + \@xsect{#3}\parskip=10.5pt} % within the starred section, parskip = leading 12 Jan 2000 gkmt + + +\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth + \let\@svsec\@empty + \else + \refstepcounter{#1}% + \edef\@svsec{% + \begingroup + %\ifnum#2>2 \noexpand\rm \fi % changed to next 29 July 2002 gkmt + \ifnum#2>2 \noexpand#6 \fi + \csname the#1\endcsname + \endgroup + \ifnum #2=1\relax .\fi + \hskip 1em + }% + \fi + \@tempskipa #5\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \begingroup + #6\relax + \@hangfrom{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}% + \begingroup + \interlinepenalty \@M + \if@uchead + \uppercase{#8}% + \else + #8% + \fi + \par + \endgroup + \endgroup + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \vskip -10.5pt % -14pt gkmt, 11 aug 99 -- changed to -\parskip 11 Jan 2000 + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7% + }% + \else + \def\@svsechd{% + #6% + \hskip #3\relax + \@svsec + \if@uchead + \uppercase{#8}% + \else + #8% + \fi + \csname #1mark\endcsname{#7}% + \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{% + \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth \else + \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}% + \fi + #7% + }% + }% + \fi + \@xsect{#5}\parskip=10.5pt% within the section, parskip = leading 12 Jan 2000 gkmt +} +\def\@xsect#1{% + \@tempskipa #1\relax + \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@ + \par + \nobreak + \vskip \@tempskipa + \@afterheading + \else + \global\@nobreakfalse + \global\@noskipsectrue + \everypar{% + \if@noskipsec + \global\@noskipsecfalse + \clubpenalty\@M + \hskip -\parindent + \begingroup + \@svsechd + \@period + \endgroup + \unskip + \@tempskipa #1\relax + \hskip -\@tempskipa + \else + \clubpenalty \@clubpenalty + \everypar{}% + \fi + }% + \fi + \ignorespaces +} + +\def\@trivlist{% + \@topsepadd\topsep + \if@noskipsec + \global\let\@period\@empty + \leavevmode + \global\let\@period.% + \fi + \ifvmode + \advance\@topsepadd\partopsep + \else + \unskip + \par + \fi + \if@inlabel + \@noparitemtrue + \@noparlisttrue + \else + \@noparlistfalse + \@topsep\@topsepadd + \fi + \advance\@topsep \parskip + \leftskip\z@skip + \rightskip\@rightskip + \parfillskip\@flushglue + \@setpar{\if@newlist\else{\@@par}\fi} + \global\@newlisttrue + \@outerparskip\parskip +} + +%%% Actually, 'abbrev' works just fine as the default - Gerry Feb. 2000 +%%% Bibliography style. + +\parindent 0pt +\typeout{Using 'Abbrev' bibliography style} +\newcommand\bibyear[2]{% + \unskip\quad\ignorespaces#1\unskip + \if#2..\quad \else \quad#2 \fi +} +\newcommand{\bibemph}[1]{{\em#1}} +\newcommand{\bibemphic}[1]{{\em#1\/}} +\newcommand{\bibsc}[1]{{\sc#1}} +\def\@normalcite{% + \def\@cite##1##2{[##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi]}% +} +\def\@citeNB{% + \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi}% +} +\def\@citeRB{% + \def\@cite##1##2{##1\if@tempswa , ##2\fi]}% +} +\def\start@cite#1#2{% + \edef\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{% + ###1% + \ifnum#2=\z@ \else\ ###2\fi + }% + \ifnum#1=\thr@@ + \let\@@cite\@citeyear + \else + \let\@@cite\@citenormal + \fi + \@ifstar{\@citeNB\@@cite}{\@normalcite\@@cite}% +} +%\def\cite{\start@cite23} +\DeclareRobustCommand\cite{\start@cite23} % January 2008 +\def\citeNP{\cite*} % No Parentheses e.g. 5 +%\def\citeA{\start@cite10} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeA{\start@cite10} % January 2008 +\def\citeANP{\citeA*} +%\def\shortcite{\start@cite23} +\DeclareRobustCommand\shortcite{\start@cite23} % January 2008 +\def\shortciteNP{\shortcite*} +%\def\shortciteA{\start@cite20} +\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteA{\start@cite20} % January 2008 +\def\shortciteANP{\shortciteA*} +%\def\citeyear{\start@cite30} +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeyear{\start@cite30} % January 2008 +\def\citeyearNP{\citeyear*} +%\def\citeN{% +\DeclareRobustCommand\citeN{% % January 2008 + \@citeRB + \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##1\ [##3% + \def\reserved@a{##1}% + \def\citeauthoryear####1####2####3{% + \def\reserved@b{####1}% + \ifx\reserved@a\reserved@b + ####3% + \else + \errmessage{Package acmart Error: author mismatch + in \string\citeN^^J^^J% + See the acmart package documentation for explanation}% + \fi + }% + }% + \@ifstar\@citeyear\@citeyear +} +%\def\shortciteN{% +\DeclareRobustCommand\shortciteN{% % January 2008 + \@citeRB + \def\citeauthoryear##1##2##3{##2\ [##3% + \def\reserved@a{##2}% + \def\citeauthoryear####1####2####3{% + \def\reserved@b{####2}% + \ifx\reserved@a\reserved@b + ####3% + \else + \errmessage{Package acmart Error: author mismatch + in \string\shortciteN^^J^^J% + See the acmart package documentation for explanation}% + \fi + }% + }% + \@ifstar\@citeyear\@citeyear % changed from "\@ifstart" 12 Jan 2000 gkmt +} + +\def\@citenormal{% + \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citex;}% +% original {\@tempswafalse\@citex,[]}% was ; Gerry 2/24/00 +{\@tempswafalse\@citex[]}% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009 +} + +\def\@citeyear{% + \@ifnextchar [{\@tempswatrue\@citex,}% +% original {\@tempswafalse\@citex,[]}% +{\@tempswafalse\@citex[]}% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009 +} + +\def\@citex#1[#2]#3{% + \let\@citea\@empty + \@cite{% + \@for\@citeb:=#3\do{% + \@citea +% original \def\@citea{#1 }% + \def\@citea{#1, }% % GERRY FIX FOR BABEL 3/20/2009 -- SO THAT YOU GET [1, 2] IN THE BODY TEXT + \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@iden\@citeb}% + \if@filesw + \immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}% + \fi + \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}{% + {\bf ?}% + \@warning{% + Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage\space undefined% + }% + }% + {\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}% + }% + }{#2}% +} +%\let\@biblabel\@gobble % Dec. 2008 - Gerry +% ---- +\def\@biblabelnum#1{[#1]} % Gerry's solution #1 - for Natbib +\let\@biblabel=\@biblabelnum % Gerry's solution #1 - for Natbib +\def\newblock{\relax} % Gerry Dec. 2008 +% --- +\newdimen\bibindent +\setcounter{enumi}{1} +\bibindent=0em +\def\thebibliography#1{% +\ifnum\addauflag=0\addauthorsection\global\addauflag=1\fi + \section[References]{% <=== OPTIONAL ARGUMENT ADDED HERE + {References} % was uppercased but this affects pdf bookmarks (SP/GM October 2004) + \@mkboth{{\refname}}{{\refname}}% + }% + \list{[\arabic{enumi}]}{% + \settowidth\labelwidth{[#1]}% + \leftmargin\labelwidth + \advance\leftmargin\labelsep + \advance\leftmargin\bibindent + \parsep=0pt\itemsep=1pt % GM July 2000 + \itemindent -\bibindent + \listparindent \itemindent + \usecounter{enumi} + }% + \let\newblock\@empty + \raggedright % GM July 2000 + \sloppy + \sfcode`\.=1000\relax +} + + +\gdef\balancecolumns +{\vfill\eject +\global\@colht=\textheight +\global\ht\@cclv=\textheight +} + +\newcount\colcntr +\global\colcntr=0 +%\newbox\savebox +\newbox\saveb@x % January 2008 + +\gdef \@makecol {% +\global\advance\colcntr by 1 +\ifnum\colcntr>2 \global\colcntr=1\fi + \ifvoid\footins + \setbox\@outputbox \box\@cclv + \else + \setbox\@outputbox \vbox{% +\boxmaxdepth \@maxdepth + \@tempdima\dp\@cclv + \unvbox \@cclv + \vskip-\@tempdima + \vskip \skip\footins + \color@begingroup + \normalcolor + \footnoterule + \unvbox \footins + \color@endgroup + }% + \fi + \xdef\@freelist{\@freelist\@midlist}% + \global \let \@midlist \@empty + \@combinefloats + \ifvbox\@kludgeins + \@makespecialcolbox + \else + \setbox\@outputbox \vbox to\@colht {% +\@texttop + \dimen@ \dp\@outputbox + \unvbox \@outputbox + \vskip -\dimen@ + \@textbottom + }% + \fi + \global \maxdepth \@maxdepth +} +\def\titlenote{\@ifnextchar[\@xtitlenote{\stepcounter\@mpfn +\global\advance\titlenotecount by 1 +\ifnum\titlenotecount=1 + \raisebox{9pt}{$\ast$} +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=2 + \raisebox{9pt}{$\dagger$} +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=3 + \raisebox{9pt}{$\ddagger$} +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=4 +\raisebox{9pt}{$\S$} +\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=5 +\raisebox{9pt}{$\P$} +\fi + \@titlenotetext +}} + +\long\def\@titlenotetext#1{\insert\footins{% +\ifnum\titlenotecount=1\global\tntoks={#1}\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=2\global\tntokstwo={#1}\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=3\global\tntoksthree={#1}\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=4\global\tntoksfour={#1}\fi +\ifnum\titlenotecount=5\global\tntoksfive={#1}\fi + \reset@font\footnotesize + \interlinepenalty\interfootnotelinepenalty + \splittopskip\footnotesep + \splitmaxdepth \dp\strutbox \floatingpenalty \@MM + \hsize\columnwidth \@parboxrestore + \protected@edef\@currentlabel{% + }% + \color@begingroup + \color@endgroup}} + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +\ps@plain +\baselineskip=11pt +\let\thepage\relax % For NO page numbers - Gerry Nov. 30th. 1999 +\def\setpagenumber#1{\global\setcounter{page}{#1}} +%\pagenumbering{arabic} % Arabic page numbers but commented out for NO page numbes - Gerry Nov. 30th. 1999 +\twocolumn % Double column. +\flushbottom % Even bottom -- alas, does not balance columns at end of document +\pagestyle{plain} + +% Need Copyright Year and Copyright Data to be user definable (in .tex file). +% Gerry Nov. 30th. 1999 +\newtoks\copyrtyr +\newtoks\acmcopyr +\newtoks\boilerplate +\def\CopyrightYear#1{\global\copyrtyr{#1}} +\def\crdata#1{\global\acmcopyr{#1}} +\def\permission#1{\global\boilerplate{#1}} +% +\newtoks\copyrightetc +\global\copyrightetc{\ } % Need to have 'something' so that adequate space is left for pasting in a line if "confinfo" is supplied. + +\toappear{\the\boilerplate\par +{\confname{\the\conf}} \the\confinfo\par \the\copyrightetc} +% End of ACM_PROC_ARTICLE-SP.CLS -- V3.2SP - 04/22/2009 -- +% Gerry Murray -- Wednesday April 22nd. 2009 +% +% The following section (i.e. 3 .sty inclusions) was added in May 2007 so as to fix the problems that many +% authors were having with accents. Sometimes accents would occur, but the letter-character would be of a different +% font. Conversely the letter-character font would be correct but, e.g. a 'bar' would appear superimposed on the +% character instead of, say, an unlaut/diaresis. Sometimes the letter-character would NOT appear at all. +% Using [T1]{fontenc} outright was not an option as this caused 99% of the authors to 'produce' a Type-3 (bitmapped) +% PDF file - useless for production. +% +% For proper (font) accenting we NEED these packages to be part of the .cls file i.e. 'ae', 'aecompl' and 'aeguil' +% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +%% This is file `ae.sty' +\def\fileversion{1.3} +\def\filedate{2001/02/12} +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +%\ProvidesPackage{ae}[\filedate\space\fileversion\space % GM +% Almost European Computer Modern] % GM - keeping the log file clean(er) +\newif\if@ae@slides \@ae@slidesfalse +\DeclareOption{slides}{\@ae@slidestrue} +\ProcessOptions +\fontfamily{aer} +\RequirePackage[T1]{fontenc} +\if@ae@slides + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{laess} + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{laess} % no roman + \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{laett} +\else + \renewcommand{\sfdefault}{aess} + \renewcommand{\rmdefault}{aer} + \renewcommand{\ttdefault}{aett} +\fi +\endinput +%% +%% End of file `ae.sty'. +% +% +\def\fileversion{0.9} +\def\filedate{1998/07/23} +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +%\ProvidesPackage{aecompl}[\filedate\space\fileversion\space % GM +%T1 Complements for AE fonts (D. Roegel)] % GM -- keeping the log file clean(er) + +\def\@ae@compl#1{{\fontencoding{T1}\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont\symbol{#1}}} +\def\guillemotleft{\@ae@compl{19}} +\def\guillemotright{\@ae@compl{20}} +\def\guilsinglleft{\@ae@compl{14}} +\def\guilsinglright{\@ae@compl{15}} +\def\TH{\@ae@compl{222}} +\def\NG{\@ae@compl{141}} +\def\ng{\@ae@compl{173}} +\def\th{\@ae@compl{254}} +\def\DJ{\@ae@compl{208}} +\def\dj{\@ae@compl{158}} +\def\DH{\@ae@compl{208}} +\def\dh{\@ae@compl{240}} +\def\@perthousandzero{\@ae@compl{24}} +\def\textperthousand{\%\@perthousandzero} +\def\textpertenthousand{\%\@perthousandzero\@perthousandzero} +\endinput +% +% +%% This is file `aeguill.sty' +% This file gives french guillemets (and not guillemots!) +% built with the Polish CMR fonts (default), WNCYR fonts, the LASY fonts +% or with the EC fonts. +% This is useful in conjunction with the ae package +% (this package loads the ae package in case it has not been loaded) +% and with or without the french(le) package. +% +% In order to get the guillemets, it is necessary to either type +% \guillemotleft and \guillemotright, or to use an 8 bit encoding +% (such as ISO-Latin1) which selects these two commands, +% or, if you use the french package (but not the frenchle package), +% to type << or >>. +% +% By default, you get the Polish CMR guillemets; if this package is loaded +% with the `cm' option, you get the LASY guillemets; with `ec,' you +% get the EC guillemets, and with `cyr,' you get the cyrillic guillemets. +% +% In verbatim mode, you always get the EC/TT guillemets. +% +% The default option is interesting in conjunction with PDF, +% because there is a Type 1 version of the Polish CMR fonts +% and these guillemets are very close in shape to the EC guillemets. +% There are no free Type 1 versions of the EC fonts. +% +% Support for Polish CMR guillemets was kindly provided by +% Rolf Niepraschk in version 0.99 (2000/05/22). +% Bernd Raichle provided extensive simplifications to the code +% for version 1.00. +% +% This package is released under the LPPL. +% +% Changes: +% Date version +% 2001/04/12 1.01 the frenchle and french package are now distinguished. +% +\def\fileversion{1.01} +\def\filedate{2001/04/12} +\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e} +%\ProvidesPackage{aeguill}[2001/04/12 1.01 % % GM +%AE fonts with french guillemets (D. Roegel)] % GM - keeping the log file clean(er) +%\RequirePackage{ae} % GM May 2007 - already embedded here + +\newcommand{\@ae@switch}[4]{#4} +\DeclareOption{ec}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#1}} +\DeclareOption{cm}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#2}} +\DeclareOption{cyr}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#3}} +\DeclareOption{pl}{\renewcommand\@ae@switch[4]{#4}} +\ExecuteOptions{pl} +\ProcessOptions + +% +% Load necessary packages +% +\@ae@switch{% ec + % do nothing +}{% cm + \RequirePackage{latexsym}% GM - May 2007 - already 'mentioned as required' up above +}{% cyr + \RequirePackage[OT2,T1]{fontenc}% +}{% pl + \RequirePackage[OT4,T1]{fontenc}% +} + +% The following command will be compared to \frenchname, +% as defined in french.sty and frenchle.sty. +\def\aeguillfrenchdefault{french}% + +\let\guill@verbatim@font\verbatim@font +\def\verbatim@font{\guill@verbatim@font\ecguills{cmtt}% + \let\guillemotleft\@oguills\let\guillemotright\@fguills} + +\begingroup \catcode`\<=13 \catcode`\>=13 +\def\x{\endgroup + \def\ae@lfguill{<<}% + \def\ae@rfguill{>>}% +}\x + +\newcommand{\ecguills}[1]{% + \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{T1}\fontfamily{#1}\selectfont}% + \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{19}}}% + \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{20}}}% + } + +\newcommand{\aeguills}{% + \ae@guills + % We redefine \guillemotleft and \guillemotright + % in order to catch them when they are used + % with \DeclareInputText (in latin1.def for instance) + % We use \auxWARNINGi as a safe indicator that french.sty is used. + \gdef\guillemotleft{\ifx\auxWARNINGi\undefined + \@oguills % neither french.sty nor frenchle.sty + \else + \ifx\aeguillfrenchdefault\frenchname + \ae@lfguill % french.sty + \else + \@oguills % frenchle.sty + \fi + \fi}% + \gdef\guillemotright{\ifx\auxWARNINGi\undefined + \@fguills % neither french.sty nor frenchle.sty + \else + \ifx\aeguillfrenchdefault\frenchname + \ae@rfguill % french.sty + \else + \@fguills % frenchle.sty + \fi + \fi}% + } + +% +% Depending on the class option +% define the internal command \ae@guills +\@ae@switch{% ec + \newcommand{\ae@guills}{% + \ecguills{cmr}}% +}{% cm + \newcommand{\ae@guills}{% + \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{U}\fontfamily{lasy}% + \fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\selectfont}% + \def\@oguills{\leavevmode\nobreak + \hbox{\selectguillfont (\kern-.20em(\kern.20em}\nobreak}% + \def\@fguills{\leavevmode\nobreak + \hbox{\selectguillfont \kern.20em)\kern-.2em)}% + \ifdim\fontdimen\@ne\font>\z@\/\fi}}% +}{% cyr + \newcommand{\ae@guills}{% + \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{OT2}\fontfamily{wncyr}\selectfont}% + \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{60}}}% + \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{62}}}} +}{% pl + \newcommand{\ae@guills}{% + \def\selectguillfont{\fontencoding{OT4}\fontfamily{cmr}\selectfont}% + \def\@oguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{174}}}% + \def\@fguills{{\selectguillfont\symbol{175}}}} +} + + +\AtBeginDocument{% + \ifx\GOfrench\undefined + \aeguills + \else + \let\aeguill@GOfrench\GOfrench + \gdef\GOfrench{\aeguill@GOfrench \aeguills}% + \fi + } + +\endinput +% + + diff --git a/biblio.bib b/biblio.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..236c63e --- /dev/null +++ b/biblio.bib @@ -0,0 +1,339 @@ +@article{1, + title = {{National} {Agenda} for {Digital} {Stewardship}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/2015NationalAgenda.pdf}", + language = {English}, + author = {{National Digital Stewardship Alliance}}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + file = {2015NationalAgenda.pdf:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/3KWPHRIT/2015NationalAgenda.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@misc{2, + title = {{CLIR} {Receives} {IMLS} {Grant} to {Assess} {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency} {Programs}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160313223145/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/documents/2015NationalAgenda.pdf}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + author = {{Council on Library and Information Resources}}, + month = sep, + year = {2015}, + file = {CLIR Receives IMLS Grant to Assess National Digital Stewardship Residency Programs — Council on Library and Information Resources:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/8J3EI73B/NDSR.html:text/html} +} + +@misc{3, + title = {National {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160404223713/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsr/}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + journal = {Digital Preservation}, + author = {{Library of Congress}}, + year = {{n.d.}}, + file = {NDSR - Digital Preservation (Library of Congress):/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/5BV6HERZ/ndsr.html:text/html} +} + +@misc{4, + title = {{ALA}'s {Core} {Competences} of {Librarianship}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160304200942/http://www.ala.org/educationcareers/sites/ala.org.educationcareers/files/content/careers/corecomp/corecompetences/finalcorecompstat09.pdf}", + language = {English}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + author = {{American Library Association}}, + year = {2009}, + file = {finalcorecompstat09.pdf:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/Q9NJXATU/finalcorecompstat09.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@online{5, + title = {Knowledge and competencies statements developed by relevant professional organizations}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150830202610/http://www.ala.org/educationcareers/careers/corecomp/corecompspecial/knowledgecompetencies}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + year = {2015}, + author = {{American Library Association}}, + file = {Knowledge and competencies statements developed by relevant professional organizations | Education & Careers:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/BJ4ZHF7P/knowledgecompetencies.html:text/html} +} + +@article{6, + title = {Digital {Preservation} {Education}: {Educating} or {Networking}?}, + volume = {69}, + number = {1}, + journal = {The American Archivist}, + author = {Duff, W.M. and Marshall, A. and Limkilde, C. and van Ballegooie, M.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {188--212} +} + +@article{7, + title = {So much to learn, so little time to learn it: {North} {American} archival education programs in the information age and the role for certificate programs}, + volume = {6}, + journal = {Archival Science}, + author = {Tibbo, H.R.}, + year = {2006}, + pages = {231--245} +} + +@article{8, + title = {Competency-based training: a viable strategy for an evolving workforce?}, + volume = {49}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Journal of Education for Library and Information Science}, + author = {Thomas, C. and Patel, S.I.}, + year = {2008}, + pages = {298--309} +} + +@article{9, + title = {What is needed to educate future digital librarians: a study of current practice and staffing patterns in academic and research libraries}, + volume = {12}, + number = {9}, + journal = {D-Lib Magazine}, + author = {Choi, Y. and Rasmussen, E.}, + year = {2006} +} + +@misc{10, + title = {Closing the {Digital} {Curation} {Gap} {Focus} {Groups} {Report}}, + url = {http://web.archive.org/web/20160406043126/http://digitalcurationexchange.org/cdcg/sites/default/files/CDCG_FocusGroupReport.pdf}, + language = {English}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + author = {Lee, Cal and Tibbo, Helen}, + month = jun, + year = {2011}, + file = {CDCG_FocusGroupReport.pdf:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/GAX96XDB/CDCG_FocusGroupReport.pdf:application/pdf} +} + +@article{11, + title = {Skilling up to data: {Whose} role, whose responsibility, whose career}, + volume = {2}, + number = {4}, + year = {2009}, + journal = {International Journal of Digital Curation}, + author = {Pryor, G. and Donnelly, M.}, + pages = {158--170} +} + +@article{12, + title = {Digital {Library} {Education} in {Europe}}, + volume = {6}, + copyright = {© The Author(s) 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (http://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).}, + issn = {2158-2440}, + howpublished = "\url{http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/6/1/2158244015622538}", + doi = {10.1177/2158244015622538}, + abstract = {Research in digital libraries (DLs) has gained much interest across the globe. Most funding related to DL are available for building DLs, rather than producing digital librarians by developing the DL curricula and offering necessary funding to introduce state-of-the-art DL labs for future library professionals. Based on online surveys, this article investigates the status of DL education/courses in Europe, particularly, it examines the curriculum contents of DL courses, explores the future direction of library and information science (LIS) curricula, and identifies the competitors of LIS schools in the DL world. This study received responses from 54 LIS schools/departments in 27 European countries. The results of the current study clearly show that the majority of the LIS schools have already integrated digital librarianship in their regular bachelor's and master's degree programs. The importance of practical aspects in DL curricula has been highlighted by the authors. The study also reports the recommended books and journals on DL, direction of LIS curricula, and the competitors of LIS schools in the digital world. A number of future research directions have been offered by the authors. The authors expect that the study will contribute to the discussions and debates toward identifying subject elements for DL courses. The top subject areas based on their importance as reported by the participants of the current study should be taken into consideration before designing curricula for DLs and before developing a Europe-wide unique LIS curriculum.}, + language = {en}, + number = {1}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + journal = {SAGE Open}, + author = {Audunson, Ragnar Andreas and Shuva, Nafiz Zaman}, + month = jan, + year = {2016}, + pages = {2158244015622538}, + file = {Full Text PDF:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/FXG3EUNM/Audunson and Shuva - 2016 - Digital Library Education in Europe.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/Z934U5R2/2158244015622538.html:text/html} +} + +@article{13, + title = {A study of digital curator competences: a survey of experts}, + volume = {45}, + number = {3-4}, + journal = {International Information \& Library Review}, + author = {Madrid, M.}, + year = {2013}, + pages = {149--156} +} + +@misc{14, + title = {Matrix of {Digital} {Curation} {Knowledge} and {Competencies}}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial Share-Alike 3.0 License}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150929215051/http://www.ils.unc.edu/digccurr/digccurr-matrix.html}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + journal = {DigCCurr}, + author = {Lee, Cal}, + year = {2009}, + file = {Matrix of Digital Curation Knowledge and Competencies (Overview) - DigCCurr Project:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/GIICUMRA/digccurr-matrix.html:text/html} +} + +@article{15, + title = {{DigIn}: a hands-on approach to a digital curation curriculum for professional development}, + volume = {52}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Journal of Education for Library and Information Science}, + author = {Fulton, B. and Botticelli, P. and Bradley, J.}, + year = {2011}, + pages = {95--109} +} + +@misc{16, + title = {{DPOE} training needs assessment survey}, + url = {http://web.archive.org/web/20160323170209/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/education/background.html}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + author = {{Digital Preservation Outreach and Education (DPOE)}}, + year = {2010}, + note = {http://web.archive.org/web/20160323170209}, + file = {DPOE - Digital Preservation (Library of Congress):/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/KPPXDT8J/background.html:text/html} +} + +@article{17, + title = {Presidential {Address}: {On} the occasion of {SAA}'s diamond jubilee: {A} professional coming of age in the digital era}, + volume = {75}, + journal = {American Archivist}, + author = {Tibbo, H.R.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {17--34} +} + +@misc{18, + title = {{DAS} {Curriculum} {Structure}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150828210835/http://www2.archivists.org/prof-education/das/curriculum-structure}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + author = {{Society of American Archivists}}, + month = aug, + year = {2015}, + file = {DAS Curriculum Structure | Society of American Archivists:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/B7A9HX5S/curriculum-structure.html:text/html} +} + +@article{19, + title = {Digital curation in the academic library job market}, + volume = {49}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology}, + author = {Kim, J. and Warga, E. and Moen, W.}, + year = {2012}, + pages = {1--4} +} + +@misc{20, + title = {What {Does} it {Take} to {Be} a {Well}-rounded {Digital} {Archivist}? {\textbar} {The} {Signal}: {Digital} {Preservation}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20160301155958/http://blogs.loc.gov/digitalpreservation/2014/10/what-does-it-take-to-be-a-well-rounded-digital-archivist/}", + language = {English}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + journal = {The Signal}, + author = {Chan, P.}, + month = oct, + year = {2014}, + file = {What Does it Take to Be a Well-rounded Digital Archivist? | The Signal\: Digital Preservation:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/IDEFEC88/what-does-it-take-to-be-a-well-rounded-digital-archivist.html:text/html} +} + +@misc{21, + title = {What's in a digital archivist's skill set?}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150925105555/http://hangingtogether.org/?p=3912}", + language = {English}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + journal = {Hangingtogether.org: From OCLC Research}, + author = {Dooley, J.}, + month = jun, + year = {2014}, + file = {What's in a digital archivist's skill set? | hangingtogether.org:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/HFI3QDPA/hangingtogether.html:text/html} +} + +@article{22, + title = {Document analysis as a qualitative research method}, + volume = {9}, + issn = {1443-9883}, + howpublished = "\url{http://dx.doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027}", + language = {English}, + number = {2}, + journal = {Qualitative Research Journal}, + author = {Bowen, G.A.}, + year = {2009}, + pages = {27--40} +} + +@online{23, + title = {The {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency} in {New} {York}}, + author = {{NDSR-NY}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://ndsr.nycdigital.org/}", + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + year = {2015}, + file = {Snapshot:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/G8QA92CP/ndsr.nycdigital.org.html:text/html} +} + +@online{24, + title = {The {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency} {Boston}, {Massachusetts}}, + author = {{NDSR-Boston}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ndsr_boston/home}", + year = {2016} +} + +@online{25, + title = {The {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency}}, + author = {{NDSR}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsr/index.html}", + year = {2015} +} + +@online{26, + title = {The {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20140801145633/http://www.digitalpreservation.gov/ndsr/index.html}", + author = {{NDSR}}, + year = {2014} +} + +@online{27, + title = {The {National} {Digital} {Stewardship} {Residency} {Boston}, {Massachusetts}}, + howpublished = "\url{http://web.archive.org/web/20150320184022/http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ndsr_boston/home}", + author = {{NDSR-Boston}}, + year = {2015} +} + +@book{28, + address = {London}, + title = {Constructing {Grounded} {Theory}}, + isbn = {0-85702-914-2}, + howpublished = "\url{https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/constructing-grounded-theory/book235960}", + language = {English}, + urldate = {2016-04-23}, + publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc}, + author = {Charmaz, K.}, + year = {2014}, + file = {Constructing Grounded Theory | SAGE Publications Inc:/home/vicky/.zotero/zotero/ryt3s4a6.default/zotero/storage/BMK5MPF3/book235960.html:text/html} +} + +@article{29, + title = {Using an adapted grounded theory approach for inductive theory building about virtual team development}, + volume = {32}, + number = {1}, + journal = {Database for Advances in Information Systems}, + author = {Sarker, S. and Lau, F. and Sahay, S.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {38--56} +} + +@article{30, + title = {From inductive to iterative grounded theory: {Zipping} the gap between process theory and process data}, + volume = {13}, + number = {4}, + journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Management}, + author = {Orton, J.D.}, + year = {1997}, + pages = {413--438} +} + +@book{31, + address = {Maidenhead}, + edition = {5. ed}, + title = {The good research guide: for small-scale social research projects}, + isbn = {978-0-335-26470-4}, + shorttitle = {The good research guide}, + language = {eng}, + publisher = {Open University Press}, + author = {Denscombe, M.}, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Social sciences Research} +} + +@book{32, + address = {Thousand Oaks, Calif}, + edition = {3rd ed}, + title = {Statistics for the social sciences}, + isbn = {978-1-4129-0546-6}, + publisher = {Sage Publications}, + author = {Sirkin, M. R.}, + year = {2006}, + keywords = {Social sciences, Statistical methods, Statistics} +} + +@book{33, + address = {Los Angeles}, + edition = {Fifth edition}, + series = {Applied social research methods series}, + title = {Survey research methods}, + isbn = {978-1-4522-5900-0 978-1-4833-1240-8}, + publisher = {SAGE}, + author = {Fowler, F. J.}, + year = {2014}, + keywords = {Social surveys} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/modal_average.png b/modal_average.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c14b1f5 Binary files /dev/null and b/modal_average.png differ diff --git a/tech_skills.png b/tech_skills.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12903f8 Binary files /dev/null and b/tech_skills.png differ diff --git a/total_skills.png b/total_skills.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a19107e Binary files /dev/null and b/total_skills.png differ